Fake History: Ten Great Lies and How They Shaped the World

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Segel, Binjamin W (1996) [1926], Levy, Richard S (ed.), A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, University of Nebraska Press, p.97, ISBN 0-8032-9245-7 . The arbitrary linking of disparate events so as to form – in the theorist's opinion – a pattern. This is typically then developed into a conspiracy theory postulating a hidden agent responsible for creating and maintaining the pattern. For example, the pseudohistorical The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail links the Knights Templar, the medieval Grail Romances, the Merovingian Frankish dynasty and the artist Nicolas Poussin in an attempt to identify lineal descendants of Jesus.

Fake News from History - The Social Historian 10 Examples of Fake News from History - The Social Historian

Johann Heinrich Cohausen, an 18th-century physician, wrote a treatise on the prolongation of life, entitled Hermippus redivivus. Amongst other secrets of longevity, it claimed that life could be prolonged by taking an elixir produced by collecting the breath of young women in bottles. Clearly, such creations are much less ‘real’ than a cast or a genuine fossil, but again they are not exactly a fake either as they are based on what we know of these species and their anatomy. You don’t have to have the arms of a new tyrannosaur preserved to make a good sculpture when all of its close relatives have short arms with two fingers, and certain key features of the joints and claws are near universal in carnivorous dinosaurs. Sculpting the arms and adding them to your mount will make the display a much better representation of what the skeleton would have looked like than with leaving them out. We have a good understanding of, and can make solid predictions about, the missing parts and they are not a figment of imagination but based on real research and understanding of the animal’s biology and evolution. What the French – specifically the makeup artist Michelle Menard – can be credited with, however, is introducing a glossy nail polish in the 20s using car paint, although it was available only to a limited few. That changed in 1932 when Revlon launched what we now know as nail polish and opened this aspect of manicuring to the masses. The popularity of nail colour continued for decades, even in times of economic instability, when it was considered an affordable and justifiable luxury. Some shades, such as Chanel’s Rouge Noir, became famous. In 1995, this dried-blood hue, popularised by Uma Thurman’s character in Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction, sold out on the first day it launched. The hype created a 12-month waiting list; it is still Chanel’s bestselling product. Morley, Neville (1999). Writing Ancient History. Cornell University Press. p.19. ISBN 0-8014-8633-5. Early in 1870, it was revealed as a fake, the creation of New Yorker George Hull, who had paid for it to be carved out of stone. Beringer’s fraudulent fossilsCow only animal to inhale and exhale oxygen: Rajasthan minister". Hindustan Times. 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. At the end of the day, Professor Allchin has his ideas and opinions and I have the ideas and narrative that I presented in Invented Knowledge. Some readers will agree with him and some will agree with me. And that is exactly the sort of diversity of scholarly discourse that Allchin claims to respect. It would have been nice if he had reviewed the book I wrote rather than telling us about how he writes the history of science. Notes Regal, Brian (2019). "Everything Means Something in Viking". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol.43, no.6. Center for Inquiry. pp.44–47.

What happens when AI generates fake historical photos - France 24

The genesis of the manicure cannot be attributed to one culture. Archeologists discovered Egyptian mummies (dating to 5,000 BC) with gilded nails and henna-tinted fingertips. Around the same time, Indian women were staining their nails with henna, while ancient Babylonian men used kohl to colour their nails. It might be no shame to fall victim to fallax, but some people in thrall to one mumpsimus or another could well be the “sequacious” type in general: from 1653, an adjective for an unquestioning acolyte, a slavish adherent of some person or school of thought. It is derived from the Latin sequāx, a follower, and can also be used of biddable beasts, or tractable objects, though its psychological meaning seems still the most relevant. The poet and playwright James Thomson defined a philosopher as one opposed to the sequacious multitude in his “Summer: A Poem” (1730): “The vulgar stare; amazement is their joy, / And mystic faith, a fond sequacious herd! / But scrutinous Philosophy looks deep, / With piercing eye, into the latent cause; / Nor can she swallow what she does not see.” Considers the possibility of something being true as sufficient to believe it is true if it fits with one's agendaHope, Warren and Kim Holston. The Shakespeare Controversy (2009) 2nd ed., 3: "In short, this is a history written in opposition to the current prevailing view". Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192802903. The consensus among academics is that no strictly matriarchal society is known to have existed. [61] [62] Anthropologist Donald Brown's list of human cultural universals ( viz., features shared by nearly all current human societies) includes men being the "dominant element" in public political affairs, [63] which is the contemporary opinion of mainstream anthropology. [64] For her part, Teeuwisse admits that she would have liked for the photo to be real. She wrote about it in her blog :

Fake news is bad. But fake history is even worse | Natalie Fake news is bad. But fake history is even worse | Natalie

Even this beautifully preserved dinosaur has some ribs and toes missing. If mounted for display, these might have to be sculpted to replace the missing parts but we do understand what they should look like from this and other specimens of close relatives. Photograph: Junchang Lu/University of Edinbu/PA An account was published in the London Magazine in 1783 by a Dutch surgeon named Foersch (his initials were variously given as NP and JN). It claimed the existence of a tree on the island of Java so poisonous that it killed everything within a 15-mile radius.German artist Boris Eldagsen generated this photo using artificial intelligence. It actually won the creative category at the 2023 Sony World Photography Awards. Carroll, Robert T (1994–2009). "Zecharia Sitchin and The Earth Chronicles". The Skeptic's Dictionary. John Wiley & Sons . Retrieved 30 July 2017. Doar o vorbă SĂȚ-I mai spun". George Pruteanu (in Romanian). 26 March 1996 . Retrieved 21 January 2020. Specter, Arlen (Spring 1995). "Defending the wall: Maintaining church/state separation in America". Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 18 (2): 575–90. [ dead link] While focusing primarily on threats to the integrity of academic rationality, Fritze also touches upon the cultural consequences of false beliefs. Unscrupulous profit, foremost (pp. 8–10, 16, 61, 98–103, 179, 183, 202–3, 210, 219–20). Power, too. Fun, amusement and entertainment, perhaps ( Da Vinci Code, Indiana Jones, etc.) – but apparently unjustifiably given the lies. Add mass suicides, racist serial killings and civil war, and you have quite a spectre. Yet the causal power or role of the historical claims is usually overstated. The history typically seems to rationalize other, deeper motives, such as in-group identity, out-group blame or political power. 39 members of the Heaven's Gate cult died in 1997 believing they were the privileged team to board a spaceship that had arrived to annihilate Earth. But their motives were surely more about belonging to something larger than themselves than adhering to some alien apocalyptic tale. One can find flaws in the Nation of Islam's historical claims, too. But as Fritze notes, members also found personal stability and purpose, adopting a healthy and abstemious diet, while refraining from alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, promiscuity, adultery, prostitution and gambling. One may ask about the scale of harm in some subsidiary details of a derived false history (which surely had little to do with promoting racist or religious behavior) compared with such benefits. Fritze implies that if pseudohistory, etc., were remedied by rational (factual and methodologically correct) thinking, we would forestall racism, anti-Semitism, religious cults, capitalistic exploitation, etc. This causal connection is, of course, far from established.

A brief history of fake news - BBC Bitesize

Ortiz de Montellano, Bernardo & Gabriel Haslip Viera & Warren Barbour (1997). "They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyper-diffusionism in the 1990s". Ethnohistory. Duke University Press. 44 (2): 199–234. doi: 10.2307/483368. JSTOR 483368. In the mid-1700s, the printing press helped to spread fake news about George II, who was the King of Great Britain and Ireland at the time. The King was facing a rebellion, and relied on being seen as a strong leader to make sure the rebellion didn’t succeed.

A Photo Of A Tourist Taken Moments Before 9/11

The epigraph from Sir Thomas Browne also raises another issue. Later in his review Allchin makes the statement ‘Fritze’s view of authority may be reflected, perhaps, in his immoderate use of epigraphs, which open every section of the text (43 in all)’. The implication is that I am using the epigrams as proof texts in the manner of a medieval scholastic. Surely, Allchin recognizes that I used epigrams in a number of ways – ironic, paradoxical, empathetic, contrasting, comparative, humorous, and, yes, sometimes to prove a point. For example, on p. 40 I used an epigram ‘Indiana is not Atlantis’ which comes from Charles Portis’s novel Masters of Atlantis. Being born and raised in Indiana, I could not resist. How can that epigram be taken other than as humorous? Of course, if Allchin will forgive my overuse of epigrams, I will forgive him his overly exuberant employment of an arcane, technical vocabulary and his glossilalic prose. John Dillinger, in case you need a refresher, was a gangster who gained infamy in the 1930s for robbing banks and also for being handsome. The punchline of Dillinger's story is that he was taken down by the FBI and then buried under 3 feet of concrete, and ever since there are people who say it wasn't really John Dillinger who got shot by the FBI that night, hence all the concrete. Fritze asks, 'how can a person know what is truth and fact, and what is lie and error in history, or science for that matter?', and replies plainly, 'the answer is evidence' (p. 11). Any 'educated person' or 'competent reader', he claims, 'can and should be able to identify it [pseudohistory]' (pp. 11, 152). This is the conventional rationalist's stance, echoed in other books about pseudoknowledge for a popular audience. (6) Of course evidence is foundational. But when epistemics is naturalized, the problem is not so simple. One major cognitive phenomenon is confirmation bias: early perceptions and interpretations tend to shape later perceptions and interpretations. (7) As a consequence, we often draw conclusions before all the relevant information is available or when evidence is essentially incomplete (the conventional fallacy of 'hasty generalization'). In addition, our minds unconsciously filter observations, tending to select or highlight confirming examples, while discounting or peripheralizing counterexamples. Ultimately, all the 'available evidence' is not really cognitively available. The believer in pseudohistory typically does respect the need for relevant evidence – and believes that it has been secured (witness their expansive volumes). Merely rehearsing the evidence against pseudohistorical claims, as Fritze largely does, is hardly sufficient for remedying those beliefs – or for understanding why anyone holds them.