Real Rape, Real Pain: Help for women sexually assaulted by male partners

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King, Michael B.; Mezey, Gillian C. (2000). Male victims of sexual assault. pp.122–4. doi: 10.1177/002580248702700211. ISBN 978-0-19-262932-6. PMID 3586937. S2CID 5555193. {{ cite book}}: |journal= ignored ( help) Pinker, Steven (2003), "Chapter 19: children", in Pinker, Steven (ed.), The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature, London: Penguin Group, pp.372–399, ISBN 978-1-101-20032-2. Groth, Nicholas A. (1979). Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York, NY: Plenum Press. p.227. ISBN 978-0-7382-0624-0. Freedman, Estelle B. (2013). Redefining rape: sexual violence in the era of suffrage and segregation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6747-2484-6. a b c d Maschke, Karen J. The Legal Response to Violence against Women. New York: Garland Pub., 1997. ISBN 9780815325192

In contrast to the modern understanding of the subject, Romans drew clear distinctions between "active" (penetrative) and "passive" (receptive) partners, and all these charges implied penetration by the assailant (which necessarily ruled out the possibility of female-on-male or female-on-female rape.) It is not clear which (if any) of these charges applied to assaults upon an adult male, though such an assault upon a citizen was definitely seen as a grave insult (within Roman culture, an adult male citizen could not possibly consent to the receptive role in sexual intercourse without a severe loss of status.) The law known as Lex Scantinia covered at least some forms of male-on-male stuprum, and Quintillian mentions a fine of 10,000 sesterces – about 10 years' worth of a Roman legionnaire's pay – as a normal penalty for stuprum upon an ingenuus. However, its text is lost and its exact provisions are no longer known. [178] Yeater EA, O'Donohue W (November 1999). "Sexual assault prevention programs: current issues, future directions, and the potential efficacy of interventions with women". Clin Psychol Rev. 19 (7): 739–71. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.404.3130. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00075-0. PMID 10520434. Kalbfleisch, Pamela J.; Cody, Michael J. (2012). Gender Power and Communication in Human Relationships. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-48050-8 . Retrieved April 30, 2013.Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions. [72] [73] Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals. [74] This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries. [72] Most rape research and reports of rape are limited to male–female forms of rape. Research on male-on-male and female-on-male rape is rare. Fewer than one in ten male–male rapes are reported. As a group, males who have been raped by either gender often get little services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. Instances in which the perpetrator is female may not be clear and can lead to dismissing women as sexual aggressors, which can obscure the dimensions of the problem. Research also suggests that men with sexually aggressive peers have a higher chance of reporting coercive or forced sexual intercourse outside gang circles than men without such sexually aggressive peers. [139]

The systematic rape of as many as 80,000 women by the Japanese soldiers during the six weeks of the Nanking Massacre is an example of such atrocities. [195] During World War II, an estimated 200,000 Korean and Chinese women were forced into prostitution in Japanese military brothels as so-called " comfort women". [196] French Moroccan troops, known as Goumiers, committed rapes and other war crimes after the Battle of Monte Cassino. (See Marocchinate.) [197] French women in Normandy reported rapes during the liberation of Normandy. [198] Eight percent of 2,643 sexual assault cases were classified as false reports by the police in one study. The researchers noted that many of these classifications were based on the personal judgments and biases of the police investigators and were made in violation of official criteria for establishing a false allegation. Closer analysis of this category applying the Home Office counting rules for establishing a false allegation, which requires "strong evidential grounds" of a false allegation or a "clear and credible" retraction by the complainant, reduced the percentage of false reports to 3%. The researchers concluded that "one cannot take all police designations at face value" and that "[t]here is an over-estimation of the scale of false allegations by both police officers and prosecutors". [155] Most rape is committed by someone the victim knows. [134] By contrast, rape committed by strangers is relatively uncommon. Statistics reported by the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) indicate that 7 out of 10 cases of sexual assault involved a perpetrator known to the victim. [135] UNODC: Reported rape per 100,000 population (2011) In the US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. [45] In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through the use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission. [46]Donita, D'Amico (2015-02-10). Health & physical assessment in nursing. Barbarito, Colleen (3rded.). Boston. p.664. ISBN 9780133876406. OCLC 894626609. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) Rape culture is when, in 31 states, rapists can legally sue for child custody if the rape results in pregnancy. Treatment may include the administration of zidovudine/ lamivudine, tenofovir/ emtricitabine, or ritonavir/ lopinavir. Information regarding other treatment options is available from the CDC. [109]